POSTPONED PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE WORKPLACE LEASE AGREEMENTS

İŞYERİ KİRA SÖZLEŞMELERİNE UYGULANMASI ERTELENEN HÜKÜMLER

The effective date of nine provisions of the Turkish Code of Obligations numbered 6098 which entered into force on 01 July 2012(“TCO”)related to the workplace leases, the lessees of which are merchants as per the Turkish Commercial Code and private and public law legal persons, had been postponed for 8 years. Accordingly, it has been regulated that the provisions of the lease agreements falling in the scope of the postponed provisions shall be applied according to the freedom of contract principle and in case there are no relevant provisions under the lease agreements; the provisions of the former Law of Obligations shall be applicable. In this framework, the below mentioned postponed provisions will enter into force on 01 July 2020 unless there is a new postponement.

TCO ARTICLE 323 – TRANSFER OF THE LEASE AGREEMENT

It has been set forth that as of 01 July 2020, in order for the lessee to transfer the lease agreement to a third party; it is required to obtain the written consent of the lessor. Even though the written consent of the lessor has been regulated as an obligation, it has been stated that the lessor cannot refrain from providing such written consent without a valid reason. In order for the lessor to not provide written consent to the transfer, the lessor should have a valid ground. Furthermore, the transferor shall be jointly liable with the new lessee to the lessor until the termination of the lease agreement and in any case maximum for two years.

TCO ARTICLE 325 – RETURN OF THE LEASED PROPERTY PRIOR TO THE TERMINATION OF THE LEASE AGREEMENT

As per the relevant article, it has been set forth that in case the lessee returns the leased property without complying with the termination or agreement period, the lessee’s obligations arising from the lease agreement shall continue for a reasonable period during which the property can be leased again with similar conditions. However, if the lessee is able to find a new lessee with ability to pay, ready to take over the lease agreement and the lessor is expected to approvesuch lessee before the end of the reasonable period, the lessee’s obligations arising from the lease agreement shall terminate. Accordingly, an opportunity has been provided to the lessee, who has terminated the agreementwithout complying with the termination or agreement period,to be released from liabilities, if the lessee fulfills the conditions listed in the article. Moreover, the lessor shall be liable to deduct the expenses, which the lessor has refrained from making, along with the benefits that the lessor has obtained by using the leased property for different purposes or the benefits that the lessor has deliberately refrained from obtaining,from the lease amount.

TCO ARTICLE 331 –EXTRAORDINARY TERMINATION–IMPORTANT REASONS

As per this provision, it has been foreseen that each party of the lease agreement can terminate the agreement by complying with the legal termination notice period, in case of existence of important reasons which render the continuation of such agreement unbearable for a party. Even though the parties are provided with such freedom to terminate the agreement, the judge would evaluate whether there is any financial consequence of such extraordinary termination or not. In such regard, taking into consideration the specific case and the conditions, the financial consequences of the extraordinary termination shall be determined.

TCO ARTICLE 340 –CONNECTED AGREEMENT

It has been regulated  by this article that if the execution or continuation of a lease agreement is connected to an obligation for the lessee to incur a debt which is not related to the direct usage of the leased property and is not for the benefit of the lessee, such connected agreement shall be invalid. Accordingly, a connected agreement would be invalid;

  • if the execution or continuation of the lease agreementis subjectto an obligation of the lessee to incur a debt which is not related to the direct usage and;
  • Such connected agreement is not for the benefit of the lessee.

TCO ARTICLE 342 –SECURITY GIVEN BY THE LESSEE

According to this article, if the lessee is liable to provide a security under the lease agreement, such security shall not exceed three months’ lease and if the security is provided in cash or as a negotiable instrument, the lessee shall deposit the cash in a term saving account and the negotiable instrument shall be depositedwith a bankprovided that such security not be withdrawn without the consent of the lessor. In order for the bank to return the security, the parties should mutually agree on such return or there should be a definite court decision or execution proceeding.

If the lessor does not notify the bank in writing of any filed lawsuits or legal proceedings that were initiated against the lessee within three months following the termination of the lease agreement, the bank shall return the securityto the lessee upon lessee’s request.

TCO ARTICLE 343 – LEASE AMOUNT– GENERAL TERMS

As per this article, it has been set forth that apart from the determination of the lease amount, no other changes that are against the lessee can be made within the lease agreement. Even though this article shall be applicable after 01 July 2020, cases where provisions against the lessee are not accepted are already encountered frequently in practice and under other regulations.

TCO ARTICLE 344 –DETERMINATION OF THE LEASE AMOUNT

Pursuant to this article, it has been regulated that the agreement of the parties regarding the lease amount for the renewal period shall only be valid if such amount is not higher than the rate of change in accordance with the twelve-month average of consumer price index of the previous year and such method shall be applied to lease agreements executed for longer than one year period.

Although the effective date of this article is 01 July 2020, the provision regarding the limitation of the lease amount increase with the rate of change in accordance with the twelve-month average of the consumer price index of the previous year, has been published under the Law on Amendment to Tax Laws and Certain Other Laws and Decree Laws numbered 7161 on 18 January 2019. Thus, such article regarding the lease amount increase is currently in effect. 

It has been determined in paragraph 3 of article 344 that,regardless of any agreement between the parties, for the agreements that are executed for longer than five year period or that are renewed after five years, at the end of every following five year term, the lease amount increase shall be decided by the judge fairly considering the rate of change in accordance with the twelve-month average of the consumer price index, the status of the leased property and similar leases. The lease amount, determined in line with this method for the lease period after every five-year period, can be amended in accordance with the principles listed in previous paragraphs of article 344.

If the lease amount is determined in foreign currency, without prejudice to the provisions of the Law on Protection of The Value of Turkish Currency, the lease amount shall not be amended before five years. However,taking article 138 of the TCO regarding extreme performance difficultyinto consideration, the above mentioned paragraph 3 of article 344 can be applicable to the determination of the lease amount after five years for the changes in foreign currency leases.

TCO ARTICLE 346 –PROHIBITION OF REGULATIONS AGAINST LESSEE

It has been stated under this article that no other payment obligation shall be imposed on the lessee apart from the lease amount and secondary expenses. Regarding especially the penalty clauses, which are currently included in many lease agreements and are subject to various disputes, it has been regulated that any agreement particularly regarding the payment of a penalty in case of late payment of the lease amount or the remaining lease amountsbecoming automatically due shall be invalid.

TCO ARTICLE 354 –LIMITEDCAUSES OF ACTION

In accordance with this article, it has been foreseen that provisions which regulate the termination of lease agreements by lawsuits cannot be amended against the lessee. Accordingly, although the freedom of contract principle remains valid, it will not be possible to include any additional provisions against the lessee for the termination of the lease agreement apart from the provisions regulated within the scope of legislation regarding termination by lawsuit.

As a final note, even though currently there are some practices similar to the provisions stated above, following the effectiveness of these postponed provisions, more definite and clearer consequences shall occur related to the workplace lease agreements, the lessees of which are merchants as per the Turkish Commercial Code and private and public law legal persons.

01 Temmuz 2012 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu (“TBK”) kapsamında kiracının Türk Ticaret Kanununda tacir olarak sayılan kişiler ile özel hukuk ve kamu hukuku tüzel kişileri olduğu işyeri kiralarına ilişkin 9 maddenin yürürlük tarihi 8 yıl süre ile ertelenmiştir. Bu halde, kira sözleşmelerinde bu maddelerde belirtilmiş olan konulara ilişkin olarak sözleşme serbestisi gereği kira sözleşmesi hükümlerinin, kira sözleşmelerinde hüküm olmayan hallerde ise eski Borçlar Kanunu hükümlerinin uygulanacağı düzenlenmiştir. Uygulaması ertelenen aşağıdaki hükümler ise yeni bir erteleme olmadığı takdirde 01 Temmuz 2020 tarihi itibariyle yürürlüğe girecektir:

TBK MADDE 323 – KİRA İLİŞKİSİNİN DEVRİ

01 Temmuz 2020 itibariyle kiracının, kira ilişkisini başkasına devredebilmesi için kiraya verenin yazılı rızasının alınması öngörülmüştür. Her ne kadar devir için kiraya verenin yazılı rızası zorunlu kılınmış olsa da, kiraya verenin de haklı bir sebep olmadıkça bu rızayı vermekten kaçınamayacağı belirtilmiştir. Bu durumda kiraya verenin ilgili devre rıza göstermemesi için haklı bir nedene dayanması gerekmektedir. Ayrıcadevreden kiracı, kira sözleşmesinin bitimine kadar ve en fazla iki yıl süreyle kiraya verene karşı, devralan kiracı ile birlikte müteselsil sorumlu olacaktır.

TBK MADDE 325 – KİRALANANIN SÖZLEŞMENİN BİTİMİNDEN ÖNCE GERİ VERİLMESİ

İlgili madde uyarınca, kiracının sözleşme süresine veya fesih dönemine uymaksızın kiralananı geri verdiği takdirde, kira sözleşmesinden doğan borçları, kiralananın benzer koşullarla kiraya verilebileceği makul bir süre için devam edeceği belirtilmiştir. Ancak kiracının bu sürenin geçmesinden önce kiraya verenden kabul etmesi beklenebilecek, ödeme gücüne sahip ve kira ilişkisini devralmaya hazır yeni bir kiracı bulması hâlinde, kiracının kira sözleşmesinden doğan borçlarının sona erecektir. Böylelikle, kiracının fesih dönemine veya sözleşme süresine uymadığı halde maddede belirtilen koşulları sağlaması durumunda, kiracıya kira sözleşmesinden doğan borçlarından kurtulma imkânı tanınmıştır. Ayrıca kiraya veren, yapmaktan kurtulduğu giderler ile kiralananı başka biçimde kullanmakla elde ettiği veya elde etmekten kasten kaçındığı yararları kira bedelinden indirmekle yükümlüolacaktır.

TBK MADDE 331 – OLAĞANÜSTÜ FESİH – ÖNEMLİ SEBEPLER

Bu maddeye göre kira sözleşmesinin taraflarından her birinin, kira ilişkisinin devamını kendisi için çekilmez hâle getiren önemli sebeplerin varlığı durumunda, sözleşmeyi yasal fesih bildirim süresine uyarak her zaman feshedebileceği düzenlenmiştir. Her ne kadar taraflara böyle bir serbestlik verilse de, olağanüstü feshin herhangi bir finansal sonucunun olup olmayacağı da mahkeme tarafından değerlendirilecektir. Bu kapsamda, durum ve koşullar göz önünde tutularak, olağanüstü fesih bildiriminin parasal sonuçları karara bağlanacaktır.

TBK MADDE 340 – BAĞLANTILI SÖZLEŞME

İlgili madde uyarınca konut veçatılı işyeri kiralarında sözleşmenin kurulması ya da sürdürülmesi, kiracının yararı olmaksızın, kiralananın kullanımıyla doğrudan ilişkisi olmayan bir borç altına girmesine bağlanmışsa, kirayla bağlantılı sözleşmenin geçersiz olacağı öngörülmüştür. Bu doğrultudabağlantılı sözleşmenin geçersiz olabilmesi için;

  • Kira sözleşmesinin yapılması veya devamının, kiracının, bağlantılı sözleşme ile kiralananın doğrudan kullanımı ile ilişkili olmayan bir borç altına girmesi ve
  • Bu bağlantılı sözleşmesinin kiracının yararına olmaması gerekmektedir.

Yukarıda yazılı şartların varlığı halinde, bağlantılı sözleşme geçersiz sayılacaktır.

TBK MADDE 342 – KİRACININ GÜVENCE VERMESİ

Konut ve çatılı işyeri kiralarında sözleşmeyle kiracıya güvence verme borcu getirilmişse, bu güvencenin üç aylık kira bedelini aşamayacağı ve güvence olarak para veya kıymetli evrak verilmesi kararlaştırılmışsa kiracının, kiraya verenin onayı olmaksızın çekilmemek üzere, parayı vadeli bir tasarruf hesabına yatırması, kıymetli evrakı ise bir bankaya depo etmesi düzenlenmiştir. Bankanın, güvenceleri geri vermesi ancak iki tarafın rızasıyla veya icra takibinin kesinleşmesiyle ya da kesinleşmiş mahkeme kararı ile mümkün olacaktır.

Aynı madde içerisinde ayrıca kiraya verenin, kira sözleşmesinin sona ermesini izleyen üç ay içinde kiracıya karşı kira sözleşmesiyle ilgili bir dava açtığını veya icra ya da iflas yoluyla takibe giriştiğini bankaya yazılı olarak bildirmemesi halinde, bankanın, kiracının istemi üzerine güvenceyi geri vermekle yükümlü olduğu düzenlenmiştir.

TBK MADDE 343 – KİRA BEDELİ – GENEL OLARAK

İlgili madde uyarınca kira sözleşmelerinde kira bedelinin belirlenmesi dışında, kiracı aleyhine değişiklik yapılamayacağı düzenlenmiştir.Her ne kadar bu madde 01 Temmuz 2020 sonrasında uygulanacak olsa da, bu tarihten önce de uygulamada ve başkaca hukuki düzenlemelerde de kiracı aleyhine yapılan değişikliklerin kabul edilmediği durumlarla sıklıkla karşılaşılmaktadır.

TBK MADDE 344 – KİRA BEDELİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

İşbu madde kapsamında kira sözleşmesi taraflarının yenilenen kira dönemlerinde uygulanacak kira bedeline ilişkin anlaşmalarının, bir önceki kira yılında tüketici fiyat endeksindeki oniki aylık ortalamalara göre değişim oranını geçmemek koşuluyla geçerli olacağı ve bu yöntemin bir yıldan daha uzun süreli kira sözleşmelerinde de uygulanacağı öngörülmüştür.

Her ne kadar bu madde 01 Temmuz 2020 tarihi itibariyle uygulanacak olsa da, kira artış bedelinin, bir önceki yılın tüketici fiyat endeksindeki on iki aylık ortalamalara göre değişim oranı ile sınırlı tutulmasına dair hüküm7161 sayılı Vergi Kanunları ile Bazı Kanun ve Kanun Hükmünde KararnamelerdeDeğişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanunkapsamında 18 Ocak 2019 tarihinde yayınlamıştır. Dolayısıyla kira artış bedeline ilişkin bu hükmün hâlihazırda uygulanmaktadır.

TBK 344. maddesinin üçüncü fıkrasında, taraflarca bu konuda bir anlaşma yapılıp yapılmadığına bakılmaksızın, beş yıldan uzun süreli veya beş yıldan sonra yenilenen kira sözleşmelerinde ve bundan sonraki her beş yılın sonunda, yeni kira yılında uygulanacak kira bedelinin, hâkim tarafından tüketici fiyat endeksindeki oniki aylık ortalamalara göre değişim oranı, kiralananın durumu ve emsal kira bedelleri göz önünde tutularak hakkaniyete uygun biçimde belirleneceği belirtilmiştir.Her beş yıldan sonraki kira yılında bu şekilde belirlenen kira bedelinin, önceki fıkralarda yer alan ilkelere göre değiştirilebileceği öngörülmüştür.

Son olarak, kira sözleşmesinde kira bedeli yabancı para olarak kararlaştırılmışsa, Türk Parasının Kıymetini Koruma Hakkında Kanun hükümleri saklı kalmak şartıyla, beş yıl geçmedikçe kira bedelinde değişiklik yapılamayacağı düzenlenmiştir. Ancak, TBK’nın, “Aşırı ifa güçlüğü” başlıklı 138. maddesi hükmünün saklı olduğu ve beş yıl geçtikten sonra kira bedelinin belirlenmesinde, yabancı paranın değerindeki değişiklikler de göz önünde tutularak TBK 344. maddenin üçüncü fıkrasının uygulanacağı hüküm altına alınmıştır.

TBK MADDE 346 – KİRACI ALEYHİNE DÜZENLEME YASAĞI

İlgili madde uyarınca, kiracıya, kira bedeli ve yan giderler dışında başka bir ödeme yükümlülüğü getirilemeyeceği öngörülmüştür. Özellikle günümüzde birçok kira sözleşmesinde bulunan ve uyuşmazlıklara konu olan cezai şart maddesine ilişkin olarak da, kira bedelinin zamanında ödenmemesi hâlinde ceza koşulu ödeneceğine veya sonraki kira bedellerinin muaccel olacağına ilişkin yapılan anlaşmaların geçersiz olacağı belirtilmiştir.

TBK MADDE 354 – DAVA SEBEPLERİNİN SINIRLILIĞI

Uygulanması 8 sene ertelenen maddelerden sonuncusu olarak TBK madde 354 uyarınca, dava yoluyla kira sözleşmesinin sona erdirilmesine ilişkin hükümlerin, kiracı aleyhine değiştirilemeyeceği hüküm altına alınmıştır. Dolayısıyla, her ne kadar sözleşmede serbestisi ilkesi geçerli olsa da, kira sözleşmesinin dava yoluyla sona erdirilmesi kapsamında kiracıya kanunda öngörülen haller haricinde kiracının aleyhinde olan herhangi bir hükmün kira sözleşmesine konması mümkün olmayacaktır.

Sonuç olarak, her ne kadar halihazırda yukarıda bahsedilen hükümler ile benzer bazı uygulamalar mevcut olsa da, bu maddelerin yürürlüğe girmesi itibariyle kiracının Türk Ticaret Kanununda tacir olarak sayılan kişiler ile özel hukuk ve kamu hukuku tüzel kişileri olduğu işyeri kira sözleşmeleri bakımından daha kesin ve net sonuçlar ortaya çıkacaktır.

The effective date of nine provisions of the Turkish Code of Obligations numbered 6098 which entered into force on 01 July 2012(“TCO”)related to the workplace leases, the lessees of which are merchants as per the Turkish Commercial Code and private and public law legal persons, had been postponed for 8 years. Accordingly, it has been regulated that the provisions of the lease agreements falling in the scope of the postponed provisions shall be applied according to the freedom of contract principle and in case there are no relevant provisions under the lease agreements; the provisions of the former Law of Obligations shall be applicable. In this framework, the below mentioned postponed provisions will enter into force on 01 July 2020 unless there is a new postponement.

TCO ARTICLE 323 – TRANSFER OF THE LEASE AGREEMENT

It has been set forth that as of 01 July 2020, in order for the lessee to transfer the lease agreement to a third party; it is required to obtain the written consent of the lessor. Even though the written consent of the lessor has been regulated as an obligation, it has been stated that the lessor cannot refrain from providing such written consent without a valid reason. In order for the lessor to not provide written consent to the transfer, the lessor should have a valid ground. Furthermore, the transferor shall be jointly liable with the new lessee to the lessor until the termination of the lease agreement and in any case maximum for two years.

TCO ARTICLE 325 – RETURN OF THE LEASED PROPERTY PRIOR TO THE TERMINATION OF THE LEASE AGREEMENT

As per the relevant article, it has been set forth that in case the lessee returns the leased property without complying with the termination or agreement period, the lessee’s obligations arising from the lease agreement shall continue for a reasonable period during which the property can be leased again with similar conditions. However, if the lessee is able to find a new lessee with ability to pay, ready to take over the lease agreement and the lessor is expected to approvesuch lessee before the end of the reasonable period, the lessee’s obligations arising from the lease agreement shall terminate. Accordingly, an opportunity has been provided to the lessee, who has terminated the agreementwithout complying with the termination or agreement period,to be released from liabilities, if the lessee fulfills the conditions listed in the article. Moreover, the lessor shall be liable to deduct the expenses, which the lessor has refrained from making, along with the benefits that the lessor has obtained by using the leased property for different purposes or the benefits that the lessor has deliberately refrained from obtaining,from the lease amount.

TCO ARTICLE 331 –EXTRAORDINARY TERMINATION–IMPORTANT REASONS

As per this provision, it has been foreseen that each party of the lease agreement can terminate the agreement by complying with the legal termination notice period, in case of existence of important reasons which render the continuation of such agreement unbearable for a party. Even though the parties are provided with such freedom to terminate the agreement, the judge would evaluate whether there is any financial consequence of such extraordinary termination or not. In such regard, taking into consideration the specific case and the conditions, the financial consequences of the extraordinary termination shall be determined.

TCO ARTICLE 340 –CONNECTED AGREEMENT

It has been regulated  by this article that if the execution or continuation of a lease agreement is connected to an obligation for the lessee to incur a debt which is not related to the direct usage of the leased property and is not for the benefit of the lessee, such connected agreement shall be invalid. Accordingly, a connected agreement would be invalid;

  • if the execution or continuation of the lease agreementis subjectto an obligation of the lessee to incur a debt which is not related to the direct usage and;
  • Such connected agreement is not for the benefit of the lessee.

TCO ARTICLE 342 –SECURITY GIVEN BY THE LESSEE

According to this article, if the lessee is liable to provide a security under the lease agreement, such security shall not exceed three months’ lease and if the security is provided in cash or as a negotiable instrument, the lessee shall deposit the cash in a term saving account and the negotiable instrument shall be depositedwith a bankprovided that such security not be withdrawn without the consent of the lessor. In order for the bank to return the security, the parties should mutually agree on such return or there should be a definite court decision or execution proceeding.

If the lessor does not notify the bank in writing of any filed lawsuits or legal proceedings that were initiated against the lessee within three months following the termination of the lease agreement, the bank shall return the securityto the lessee upon lessee’s request.

TCO ARTICLE 343 – LEASE AMOUNT– GENERAL TERMS

As per this article, it has been set forth that apart from the determination of the lease amount, no other changes that are against the lessee can be made within the lease agreement. Even though this article shall be applicable after 01 July 2020, cases where provisions against the lessee are not accepted are already encountered frequently in practice and under other regulations.

TCO ARTICLE 344 –DETERMINATION OF THE LEASE AMOUNT

Pursuant to this article, it has been regulated that the agreement of the parties regarding the lease amount for the renewal period shall only be valid if such amount is not higher than the rate of change in accordance with the twelve-month average of consumer price index of the previous year and such method shall be applied to lease agreements executed for longer than one year period.

Although the effective date of this article is 01 July 2020, the provision regarding the limitation of the lease amount increase with the rate of change in accordance with the twelve-month average of the consumer price index of the previous year, has been published under the Law on Amendment to Tax Laws and Certain Other Laws and Decree Laws numbered 7161 on 18 January 2019. Thus, such article regarding the lease amount increase is currently in effect. 

It has been determined in paragraph 3 of article 344 that,regardless of any agreement between the parties, for the agreements that are executed for longer than five year period or that are renewed after five years, at the end of every following five year term, the lease amount increase shall be decided by the judge fairly considering the rate of change in accordance with the twelve-month average of the consumer price index, the status of the leased property and similar leases. The lease amount, determined in line with this method for the lease period after every five-year period, can be amended in accordance with the principles listed in previous paragraphs of article 344.

If the lease amount is determined in foreign currency, without prejudice to the provisions of the Law on Protection of The Value of Turkish Currency, the lease amount shall not be amended before five years. However,taking article 138 of the TCO regarding extreme performance difficultyinto consideration, the above mentioned paragraph 3 of article 344 can be applicable to the determination of the lease amount after five years for the changes in foreign currency leases.

TCO ARTICLE 346 –PROHIBITION OF REGULATIONS AGAINST LESSEE

It has been stated under this article that no other payment obligation shall be imposed on the lessee apart from the lease amount and secondary expenses. Regarding especially the penalty clauses, which are currently included in many lease agreements and are subject to various disputes, it has been regulated that any agreement particularly regarding the payment of a penalty in case of late payment of the lease amount or the remaining lease amountsbecoming automatically due shall be invalid.

TCO ARTICLE 354 –LIMITEDCAUSES OF ACTION

In accordance with this article, it has been foreseen that provisions which regulate the termination of lease agreements by lawsuits cannot be amended against the lessee. Accordingly, although the freedom of contract principle remains valid, it will not be possible to include any additional provisions against the lessee for the termination of the lease agreement apart from the provisions regulated within the scope of legislation regarding termination by lawsuit.

As a final note, even though currently there are some practices similar to the provisions stated above, following the effectiveness of these postponed provisions, more definite and clearer consequences shall occur related to the workplace lease agreements, the lessees of which are merchants as per the Turkish Commercial Code and private and public law legal persons.

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